COPY INTO <table>

COPY loads data into Databend or unloads data from Databend.

This command loads data into a table from files in one of the following locations:

• Named internal stage: Databend internal named stages. Files can be staged using the PUT to Stage API.
• Named external stage: Stages created in AWS S3 compatible object storage services and Azure Blob storage.
• External location. This includes the followings:
  • Buckets created in AWS S3 compatible object storage services, Azure Blob storage, Google Cloud Storage, or Huawei OBS.
  • Remote servers from where you can access the files by their URL (starting with "https://...").
  • IPFS.

See Also: COPY INTO location

Syntax

COPY INTO [<database>.]<table_name>
FROM { internalStage | externalStage | externalLocation }
[ FILES = ( '<file_name>' [ , '<file_name>' ] [ , ... ] ) ]
[ PATTERN = '<regex_pattern>' ]
[ FILE_FORMAT = ( TYPE = { CSV | JSON | NDJSON | PARQUET } [ formatTypeOptions ] ) ]
[ copyOptions ]

Where:

internalStage

internalStage ::= @<internal_stage_name>[/<path>]

externalStage

externalStage ::= @<external_stage_name>[/<path>]

externalLocation

AWS S3 Compatible Object Storage Service

externalLocation ::=
  's3://<bucket>[<path>]'
  CONNECTION = (
        ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://<endpoint-URL>'
        ACCESS_KEY_ID = '<your-access-key-ID>'
        SECRET_ACCESS_KEY = '<your-secret-access-key>'
        SESSION_TOKEN = '<your-session-token>'
        REGION = '<region-name>'
        ENABLE_VIRTUAL_HOST_STYLE = true|false
  )

Parameter	Description	Required
s3://<bucket>[<path>]	External files located at the AWS S3 compatible object storage.	Optional
ENDPOINT_URL	The bucket endpoint URL starting with "https://". To use a URL starting with "http://", set allow_insecure to true in the [storage] block of the file databend-query-node.toml.	Optional
ACCESS_KEY_ID	Your access key ID for connecting the AWS S3 compatible object storage. If not provided, Databend will access the bucket anonymously.	Optional
SECRET_ACCESS_KEY	Your secret access key for connecting the AWS S3 compatible object storage.	Optional
SESSION_TOKEN	Your temporary credential for connecting the AWS S3 service	Optional
REGION	AWS region name. For example, us-east-1.	Optional
ENABLE_VIRTUAL_HOST_STYLE	If you use virtual hosting to address the bucket, set it to "true".	Optional

Azure Blob storage

externalLocation ::=
  'azblob://<container>[<path>]'
  CONNECTION = (
        ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://<endpoint-URL>'
        ACCOUT_NAME = '<your-account-name>'
        ACCOUNT_KEY = '<your-account-key>'
  )

Parameter	Description	Required
azblob://<container>[<path>]	External files located at the Azure Blob storage.	Required
ENDPOINT_URL	The container endpoint URL starting with "https://". To use a URL starting with "http://", set allow_insecure to true in the [storage] block of the file databend-query-node.toml.	Optional
ACCOUNT_NAME	Your account name for connecting the Azure Blob storage. If not provided, Databend will access the container anonymously.	Optional
ACCOUNT_KEY	Your account key for connecting the Azure Blob storage.	Optional

Google Cloud Storage

externalLocation ::=
  'gcs://<container>[<path>]'
  CONNECTION = (
        ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://<endpoint-URL>'
        CREDENTIAL = '<your-credential>'
  )

Parameter	Description	Required
gcs://<bucket>[<path>]	External files located at the Google Cloud Storage	Required
ENDPOINT_URL	The container endpoint URL starting with "https://". To use a URL starting with "http://", set allow_insecure to true in the [storage] block of the file databend-query-node.toml.	Optional
CREDENTIAL	Your credential for connecting the GCS. If not provided, Databend will access the container anonymously.	Optional

Huawei Object Storage

externalLocation ::=
  'obs://<container>[<path>]'
  CONNECTION = (
        ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://<endpoint-URL>'
        ACCESS_KEY_ID = '<your-access-key-id>'
        SECRET_ACCESS_KEY = '<your-secret-access-key>'
  )

Parameter	Description	Required
obs://<bucket>[<path>]	External files located at the obs	Required
ENDPOINT_URL	The container endpoint URL starting with "https://". To use a URL starting with "http://", set allow_insecure to true in the [storage] block of the file databend-query-node.toml.	Optional
ACCESS_KEY_ID	Your access key ID for connecting the OBS. If not provided, Databend will access the bucket anonymously.	Optional
SECRET_ACCESS_KEY	Your secret access key for connecting the OBS.	Optional

HTTP

externalLocation ::=
  'https://<url>'

Please note that, HTTP supports glob patterns. For example, use

• ontime_200{6,7,8}.csv to represents ontime_2006.csv,ontime_2007.csv,ontime_2008.csv.
• ontime_200[6-8].csv to represents ontime_2006.csv,ontime_2007.csv,ontime_2008.csv.

IPFS

externalLocation ::=
  'ipfs://<your-ipfs-hash>'
  CONNECTION = (ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://<your-ipfs-gateway>')

FILES = ( 'file_name' [ , 'file_name' ... ] )

Specifies a list of one or more files names (separated by commas) to be loaded.

PATTERN = 'regex_pattern'

A regular expression pattern string, enclosed in single quotes, specifying the file names to match.

formatTypeOptions

formatTypeOptions ::=
  RECORD_DELIMITER = '<character>'
  FIELD_DELIMITER = '<character>'
  SKIP_HEADER = <integer>
  COMPRESSION = AUTO | GZIP | BZ2 | BROTLI | ZSTD | DEFLATE | RAW_DEFLATE | NONE

RECORD_DELIMITER = '<character>'

Description: One character that separate records in an input file.

Default: '\n'

FIELD_DELIMITER = '<character>'

Description: One character that separate fields in an input file.

Default: ',' (comma)

SKIP_HEADER = '<integer>'

Description: Number of lines at the start of the file to skip.

Default: 0

COMPRESSION = AUTO | GZIP | BZ2 | BROTLI | ZSTD | DEFLATE | RAW_DEFLATE | XZ | NONE

Description: String that represents the compression algorithm.

Default: NONE

Values:

Values	Notes
AUTO	Auto detect compression via file extensions
GZIP
BZ2
BROTLI	Must be specified if loading/unloading Brotli-compressed files.
ZSTD	Zstandard v0.8 (and higher) is supported.
DEFLATE	Deflate-compressed files (with zlib header, RFC1950).
RAW_DEFLATE	Deflate-compressed files (without any header, RFC1951).
XZ
NONE	Indicates that the files have not been compressed.

copyOptions

copyOptions ::=
  [ SIZE_LIMIT = <num> ]
  [ PURGE = <bool> ]
  [ FORCE = <bool> ]

Parameters	Description	Required
SIZE_LIMIT = <num>	Specifies the maximum rows of data to be loaded for a given COPY statement. Defaults to 0 meaning no limits.	Optional
PURGE = <bool>	If True, the command will purge the files in the stage after they are loaded successfully into the table. Default: False.	Optional
FORCE = <bool>	Defaults to False meaning the command will skip duplicate files in the stage when copying data. If True, duplicate files will not be skipped.	Optional

Examples

Loading Files from Internal Stage

First, create a named internal stage:

CREATE STAGE my_internal_s1;

Then, PUT a local file to my_internal_s1 stage with PUT to Stage API:

curl  -H "stage_name:my_internal_s1" -F "upload=@books.parquet" -XPUT "http://localhost:8081/v1/upload_to_stage"

Finally, copy the file into mytable from the my_internal_s1 named internal stage:

LIST @my_internal_s1;
COPY INTO mytable FROM @my_internal_s1 pattern = 'books.*parquet' file_format = (type = 'PARQUET');

Loading Files from External Stage

First, create a named external stage:

CREATE STAGE my_external_s1 url = 's3://testbucket/admin/data/' credentials=(aws_key_id='minioadmin' aws_secret_key='minioadmin');

Then, copy the file into mytable from the my_external_s1 named external stage:

COPY INTO mytable FROM @my_external_s1 pattern = 'books.*parquet' file_format = (type = 'PARQUET');

Loading Files Directly from External Location

AWS S3 compatible object storage services

This example reads 10 rows from a CSV file and inserts them into a table:

COPY INTO mytable
  FROM 's3://mybucket/data.csv'
  CONNECTION = (
        ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://<endpoint-URL>'
        ACCESS_KEY_ID = '<your-access-key-ID>'
        SECRET_ACCESS_KEY = '<your-secret-access-key>')
  FILE_FORMAT = (type = 'CSV' field_delimiter = ','  record_delimiter = '\n' skip_header = 1) size_limit=10;

This example reads 10 rows from a CSV file compressed as GZIP and inserts them into a table:

COPY INTO mytable
  FROM 's3://mybucket/data.csv.gz'
  CONNECTION = (
        ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://<endpoint-URL>'
        ACCESS_KEY_ID = '<your-access-key-ID>'
        SECRET_ACCESS_KEY = '<your-secret-access-key>')
  FILE_FORMAT = (type = 'CSV' field_delimiter = ',' record_delimiter = '\n' skip_header = 1 compression = GZIP) size_limit=10;

This example loads data from a CSV file without specifying the endpoint URL:

COPY INTO mytable
  FROM 's3://mybucket/data.csv'
  FILE_FORMAT = (type = 'CSV' field_delimiter = ','  record_delimiter = '\n' skip_header = 1) size_limit=10;

This is an example loading data from a Parquet file:

COPY INTO mytable
  FROM 's3://mybucket/data.parquet'
  CONNECTION = (
      ACCESS_KEY_ID = '<your-access-key-ID>'
      SECRET_ACCESS_KEY = '<your-secret-access-key>')
  FILE_FORMAT = (type = 'PARQUET');

Azure Blob storage

This example reads data from a CSV file and inserts it into a table:

COPY INTO mytable
    FROM 'azblob://mybucket/data.csv'
    CONNECTION = (
        ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://<account_name>.blob.core.windows.net'
        ACCOUNT_NAME = '<account_name>'
        ACCOUNT_KEY = '<account_key>'
    )
    FILE_FORMAT = (type = 'CSV');

HTTP

This example reads data from three CSV files and inserts it into a table:

COPY INTO mytable
    FROM 'https://repo.databend.rs/dataset/stateful/ontime_200{6,7,8}_200.csv'
    FILE_FORMAT = (type = 'CSV');

IPFS

This example reads data from a CSV file on IPFS and inserts it into a table:

COPY INTO mytable
    FROM 'ipfs://<your-ipfs-hash>' connection = (endpoint_url = 'https://<your-ipfs-gateway>')
    FILE_FORMAT = (type = 'CSV' field_delimiter = ',' record_delimiter = '\n' skip_header = 1);

Loading Files Using Pattern Matching

This example using pattern matching to only load CSV files whose names include the string sales:

COPY INTO mytable
  FROM 's3://mybucket/'
  PATTERN = '.*sales.*[.]csv'
  FILE_FORMAT = (type = 'CSV' field_delimiter = ','  record_delimiter = '\n' skip_header = 1);

Where .* is interpreted as zero or more occurrences of any character. The square brackets escape the period character (.) that precedes a file extension.

If you want to load all the CSV files, we can use PATTERN = '.*[.]csv':

COPY INTO mytable
  FROM 's3://mybucket/'
  PATTERN = '.*[.]csv'
  FILE_FORMAT = (type = 'CSV' field_delimiter = ','  record_delimiter = '\n' skip_header = 1);